The difference between DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD+RW and DVD-RW explained
There's DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW, and even DVD-ROM! So what's the difference between all of these different names, aren't all DVDs the same? Well, it's not quite that simple.
Let's first start with the most obvious difference: some have R and some have RW. The "R" stands for readable, while the "W" stands for writeable.
The main difference between DVD-R and DVD-RW, or DVD+R and DVD+RW is that the R disc formats can only be written to once, and then it is only readable and can’t be erased for the rest of its digital life. While RW discs are can be written to and erased many times, they are both readable and writeable.
"R" discs are perfect if they are only needed to be written to once, such as giving some files to a friend or transferring them between PCs. "RW" discs have their strength in the ability to be used many times over, which is great for routine system backups, etc. And naturally, the RW discs are slightly more expensive than the R discs, but you'll have to decide if the trade offs are worth the money.
Now, onto the difference between DVD-R and DVD+R. As I just described above, DVD-R & DVD-RW are sister discs, the difference being one is writeable once, while the other is writeable multiple times. The same thing is true for DVD+R & DVD+RW. So the question is, what's the difference between the plus and minus?
In order to explain this we must take a trip back in time. When DVDs were first being developed, there was no industry standard. Multiple companies were competing to develop what they hoped would be the dominant form of the future.
The DVD-R DVD+R difference can easily be summarized by the following:
* The DVD-R/RW standard was developed by Pioneer, and is used primarily by Apple and Pioneer. These "minus" discs can only be written to in one layer on the discs surface. In addition, this format is supported by the DVD forum, but is in no way an industry standard. DVD-R/RW discs are cheaper than the "plus" format. * The DVD+R/RW format is supported by Philips, Dell, Sony, HP, and Mcft. These discs can be written to in multiple layers, giving them slightly better and more disc storage than the "minus" format. Because of this additional capacity, they are slightly more expensive than "minus" discs.
A couple final things to clear up is the difference between DVD-ROM and DVD+RW, or the other DVD formats I mentioned above. The DVD-ROM drive can only read DVDs, while the other DVD drives can read and write data to DVDs.
And naturally the DVD+RW CD+RW difference can be explained by the "DVD" or "CD" prefix. DVDs, on average, can store up to 4.7 GB of data, while a CD can only store about 700 MB of data, or about 15% of a DVD's capacity. While CDs are slightly cheaper, in my opinion, the benefits of DVDs are much greater.
So now that you've learned about the difference between DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and even DVD-ROM, which one is right for you? The easiest way to determine which is more beneficial is to watch the industry trends. A few years ago all pre-built computers were shipping with DVD-ROM drives. Today, most PCs have a burnable DVD drive.
I feel that the benefits of having a burnable DVD drive far outweigh any additional costs. They store much more data, and they are ideal for storing your home movies to watch on your DVD player.
My advice is to look at DVD burners that support all of the major formats I've mentioned above, DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW. While a DVD drive that supports all of these formats may be slightly more expensive, it will allow you to use any type of DVD disc to burn to, and you'll be protected from any industry shifts to one format or the other.
Saturday, January 9, 2010
How to use the Google calculator
How to use the Google calculator:
Google’s calculator tries to understand the problem you are attempting to solve without requiring you to use special syntax. However, it may be helpful to know the most direct way to pose a question to get the best results. Listed below are a few suggestions for the most common type of expressions (and a few more esoteric ones).
Most operators come between the two numbers they combine, such as the plus sign in the expression 1+1.
Operator Function Example + addition 3+44 - subtraction 13-5* multiplication 7*8/ division 12/3^ exponentiation (raise to a power of) 8^2% modulo (finds the remainder after division) 8%7choose X choose Y determines the number of ways of choosing a set of Y elements from a set of X elements 18 choose 4 th root of calculates the nth root of a number 5th root of 32 % of X % of Y computes X percent of Y 20% of 150
Some operators work on only one number and should come before that number. In these cases, it often helps to put the number in parentheses.
Operator Function Example sqrt square root sqrt(9) sin, cos, etc. trigonometric functions (numbers are assumed to be radians) sin(pi/3)tan(45 degrees) ln logarithm base e ln(17) log logarithm base 10 log(1,000)
A few operators come after the number.
Operator Function Example ! factorial 5!
Other good things to know
You can force the calculator to try and evaluate an expression by putting an equals sign (=) after it. This only works if the expression is mathematically resolvable. For example, 1-800-555-1234= will return a result, but 1/0= will not.
Parentheses can be used to enclose the parts of your expression that you want evaluated first. For example, (1+2)*3 causes the addition to happen before the multiplication.
The in operator is used to specify what units you want used to express the answer. Put the word in followed by the name of a unit at the end of your expression. This works well for unit conversions such as: 5 kilometers in miles.
You can use hexadecimal, octal and binary numbers. Prefix hexadecimal numbers with 0x, octal numbers with 0o and binary numbers with 0b. For example: 0x7f + 0b10010101.
The calculator understands many different units, as well as many physical and mathematical constants. These can be used in your expression. Many of these constants and units have both long and short names. You can use either name in most cases. For example, km and kilometer both work, as do c and the speed of light.
Feel free to experiment with the calculator as not all of its capabilities are listed here. To get you started, we’ve included a few expressions linked to their results.
1 a.u./c56*781.21 GW / 88 mphe^(i pi)+1100 miles in kilometerssine(30 degrees)G*(6e24 kg)/(4000 miles)^20x7d3 in roman numerals0b1100101*0b1001
More info on:
http://www.google.co.in/help/calculator.html
Google’s calculator tries to understand the problem you are attempting to solve without requiring you to use special syntax. However, it may be helpful to know the most direct way to pose a question to get the best results. Listed below are a few suggestions for the most common type of expressions (and a few more esoteric ones).
Most operators come between the two numbers they combine, such as the plus sign in the expression 1+1.
Operator Function Example + addition 3+44 - subtraction 13-5* multiplication 7*8/ division 12/3^ exponentiation (raise to a power of) 8^2% modulo (finds the remainder after division) 8%7choose X choose Y determines the number of ways of choosing a set of Y elements from a set of X elements 18 choose 4 th root of calculates the nth root of a number 5th root of 32 % of X % of Y computes X percent of Y 20% of 150
Some operators work on only one number and should come before that number. In these cases, it often helps to put the number in parentheses.
Operator Function Example sqrt square root sqrt(9) sin, cos, etc. trigonometric functions (numbers are assumed to be radians) sin(pi/3)tan(45 degrees) ln logarithm base e ln(17) log logarithm base 10 log(1,000)
A few operators come after the number.
Operator Function Example ! factorial 5!
Other good things to know
You can force the calculator to try and evaluate an expression by putting an equals sign (=) after it. This only works if the expression is mathematically resolvable. For example, 1-800-555-1234= will return a result, but 1/0= will not.
Parentheses can be used to enclose the parts of your expression that you want evaluated first. For example, (1+2)*3 causes the addition to happen before the multiplication.
The in operator is used to specify what units you want used to express the answer. Put the word in followed by the name of a unit at the end of your expression. This works well for unit conversions such as: 5 kilometers in miles.
You can use hexadecimal, octal and binary numbers. Prefix hexadecimal numbers with 0x, octal numbers with 0o and binary numbers with 0b. For example: 0x7f + 0b10010101.
The calculator understands many different units, as well as many physical and mathematical constants. These can be used in your expression. Many of these constants and units have both long and short names. You can use either name in most cases. For example, km and kilometer both work, as do c and the speed of light.
Feel free to experiment with the calculator as not all of its capabilities are listed here. To get you started, we’ve included a few expressions linked to their results.
1 a.u./c56*781.21 GW / 88 mphe^(i pi)+1100 miles in kilometerssine(30 degrees)G*(6e24 kg)/(4000 miles)^20x7d3 in roman numerals0b1100101*0b1001
More info on:
http://www.google.co.in/help/calculator.html
Windows Shortcut
Run Commands:
Quote:compmgmt.msc - Computer managementdevmgmt.msc - Device managerdiskmgmt.msc - Disk managementdfrg.msc - Disk defrageventvwr.msc - Event viewerfsmgmt.msc - Shared foldersgpedit.msc - Group policieslusrmgr.msc - Local users and groupsperfmon.msc - Performance monitorrsop.msc - Resultant set of policiessecpol.msc - Local security settingsservices.msc - Various Servicesmsconfig - System Configuration Utilityregedit - Registry Editormsinfo32 _ System Informationsysedit _ System Editwin.ini _ windows loading information(also system.ini)winver _ Shows current version of windowsmailto: _ Opens default email clientcommand _ Opens command prompt
Run Commands to access the control panel:
Quote:Add/Remove Programs control appwiz.cplDate/Time Properties control timedate.cplDisplay Properties control desk.cplFindFast control findfast.cplFonts Folder control fontsInternet Properties control inetcpl.cplKeyboard Properties control main.cpl keyboardMouse Properties control main.cplMultimedia Properties control mmsys.cplNetwork Properties control netcpl.cplPassword Properties control password.cplPrinters Folder control printersSound Properties control mmsys.cpl soundsSystem Properties control sysdm.cpl
Command Prompt:
Quote:ANSI.SYS Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys.APPEND Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.ARP Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices.ASSIGN Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter.ASSOC View the file associations.AT Schedule a time to execute commands or programs.ATMADM Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.ATTRIB Display and change file attributes.BATCH Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file.BOOTCFG Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.iniBREAK Enable / disable CTRL + C feature.CACLS View and modify file ACL's.CALL Calls a batch file from another batch file.CD Changes directories.CHCP Supplement the International keyboard and character set information.CHDIR Changes directories.CHKDSK Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors.CHKNTFS Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors.CHOICE Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file.CLS Clears the screen.CMD Opens the command interpreter.COLOR Easily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window.COMP Compares files.COMPACT Compresses and uncompress files.CONTROL Open control panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt.CONVERT Convert FAT to NTFS.COPY Copy one or more files to an alternate location.CTTY Change the computers input/output devices.DATE View or change the systems date.DEBUG Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings.DEFRAG Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs.DEL Deletes one or more files.DELETE Recovery console command that deletes a file.DELTREE Deletes one or more files and/or directories.DIR List the contents of one or more directory.DISABLE Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.DISKCOMP Compare a disk with another disk.DISKCOPY Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk.DOSKEY Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past.DOSSHELL A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.DRIVPARM Enables overwrite of original device drivers.ECHO Displays messages and enables and disables echo.EDIT View and edit files.EDLIN View and edit files.EMM386 Load extended Memory Manager.ENABLE Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver.ENDLOCAL Stops the localization of the environment changes enabled by the setlocal command.ERASE Erase files from computer.EXIT Exit from the command interpreter.EXPAND Expand a M*cros*ft Windows file back to it's original format.EXTRACT Extract files from the M*cros*ft Windows cabinets.FASTHELP Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them.FC Compare files.FDISK Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive.FIND Search for text within a file.FINDSTR Searches for a string of text within a file.FIXBOOT Writes a new boot sector.FIXMBR Writes a new boot record to a disk drive.FOR Boolean used in batch files.FORMAT Command to erase and prepare a disk drive.FTP Command to connect and operate on a FTP server.FTYPE Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations.GOTO Moves a batch file to a specific label or location.GRAFTABL Show extended characters in graphics mode.HELP Display a listing of commands and brief explanation.IF Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.IFSHLP.SYS 32-bit file manager.IPCONFIG Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values.KEYB Change layout of keyboard.LABEL Change the label of a disk drive.LH Load a device driver in to high memory.LISTSVC Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers.LOADFIX Load a program above the first 64k.LOADHIGH Load a device driver in to high memory.LOCK Lock the hard disk drive.LOGON Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.MAP Displays the device name of a drive.MD Command to create a new directory.MEM Display memory on system.MKDIR Command to create a new directory.MODE Modify the port or display settings.MORE Display one page at a time.MOVE Move one or more files from one directory to another directory.MSAV Early M*cros*ft Virus scanner.MSD Diagnostics utility.MSCDEX Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM.NBTSTAT Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBTNET Update, fix, or view the network or network settingsNETSH Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS.NETSTAT Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.NLSFUNC Load country specific information.NSLOOKUP Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.PATH View and modify the computers path location.PATHPING View and locate locations of network latency.PAUSE Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command.PING Test / send information to another network computer or network device.POPD Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command.POWER Conserve power with computer portables.PRINT Prints data to a printer port.PROMPT View and change the MS-DOS prompt.PUSHD Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time.QBASIC Open the QBasic.RD Removes an empty directory.REN Renames a file or directory.RENAME Renames a file or directory.RMDIR Removes an empty directory.ROUTE View and configure windows network route tables.RUNAS Enables a user to execute a program on another computer.SCANDISK Run the scandisk utility.SCANREG Scan registry and recover registry from errors.SET Change one variable or string to another.SETLOCAL Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else.SETVER Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs.SHARE Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.SHIFT Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt.SMARTDRV Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory.SORT Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.START Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt.SUBST Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter.SWITCHES Remove add functions from MS-DOS.SYS Transfer system files to disk drive.TELNET Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt.TIME View or modify the system time.TITLE Change the title of their MS-DOS window.TRACERT Visually view a network packets route across a network.TREE View a visual tree of the hard disk drive.TYPE Display the contents of a file.UNDELETE Undelete a file that has been deleted.UNFORMAT Unformat a hard disk drive.UNLOCK Unlock a disk drive.VER Display the version information.VERIFY Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written properly.VOL Displays the volume information about the designated drive.XCOPY Copy multiple files, directories, and/or drives from one location to another.TRUENAME When placed before a file, will display the whole directory in which it existsTASKKILL It allows you to kill those unneeded or locked up applications
Windows XP Shortcuts:
Quote:ALT+- (ALT+hyphen) Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menuALT+ENTER View properties for the selected itemALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order they were openedALT+F4 Close the active item, or quit the active programALT+SPACEBAR Display the System menu for the active windowALT+TAB Switch between open itemsALT+Underlined letter Display the corresponding menuBACKSPACE View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows ExplorerCTRL+A Select allCTRL+B BoldCTRL+C CopyCTRL+I ItalicsCTRL+O Open an itemCTRL+U UnderlineCTRL+V PasteCTRL+X CutCTRL+Z UndoCTRL+F4 Close the active documentCTRL while dragging Copy selected itemCTRL+SHIFT while dragging Create shortcut to selected iteMCTRL+RIGHT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next wordCTRL+LEFT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous wordCTRL+DOWN ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraphCTRL+UP ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraphSHIFT+DELETE Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle BinESC Cancel the current taskF1 Displays HelpF2 Rename selected itemF3 Search for a file or folderF4 Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows ExplorerF5 Refresh the active windowF6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktopF10 Activate the menu bar in the active programSHIFT+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected itemCTRL+ESC Display the Start menuSHIFT+CTRL+ESC Launches Task ManagerSHIFT when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playingWIN Display or hide the Start menuWIN+BREAK Display the System Properties dialog boxWIN+D Minimizes all Windows and shows the DesktopWIN+E Open Windows ExplorerWIN+F Search for a file or folderWIN+F+CTRL Search for computersWIN+L Locks the desktopWIN+M Minimize or restore all windowsWIN+R Open the Run dialog boxWIN+TAB Switch between open items
Windows Explorer Shortcuts:
Quote:ALT+SPACEBAR - Display the current window’s system menuSHIFT+F10 - Display the item's context menuCTRL+ESC - Display the Start menuALT+TAB - Switch to the window you last usedALT+F4 - Close the current window or quitCTRL+A - Select all itemsCTRL+X - Cut selected item(s)CTRL+C - Copy selected item(s)CTRL+V - Paste item(s)CTRL+Z - Undo last actionCTRL+(+) - Automatically resize the columns in the right hand paneTAB - Move forward through optionsALT+RIGHT ARROW - Move forward to a previous viewALT+LEFT ARROW - Move backward to a previous viewSHIFT+DELETE - Delete an item immediatelyBACKSPACE - View the folder one level upALT+ENTER - View an item’s propertiesF10 - Activate the menu bar in programsF6 - Switch between left and right panesF5 - Refresh window contentsF3 - Display Find applicationF2 - Rename selected item
Internet Explorer Shortcuts:
Quote:CTRL+A - Select all items on the current pageCTRL+D - Add the current page to your FavoritesCTRL+E - Open the Search barCTRL+F - Find on this pageCTRL+H - Open the History barCTRL+I - Open the Favorites barCTRL+N - Open a new windowCTRL+O - Go to a new locationCTRL+P - Print the current page or active frameCTRL+S - Save the current pageCTRL+W - Close current browser windowCTRL+ENTER - Adds the http://www. (url) .comSHIFT+CLICK - Open link in new windowBACKSPACE - Go to the previous pageALT+HOME - Go to your Home pageHOME - Move to the beginning of a documentTAB - Move forward through items on a pageEND - Move to the end of a documentESC - Stop downloading a pageF11 - Toggle full-screen viewF5 - Refresh the current pageF4 - Display list of typed addressesF6 - Change Address bar and page focusALT+RIGHT ARROW - Go to the next pageSHIFT+CTRL+TAB - Move back between framesSHIFT+F10 - Display a shortcut menu for a linkSHIFT+TAB - Move back through the items on a pageCTRL+TAB - Move forward between framesCTRL+C - Copy selected items to the clipboardCTRL+V - Insert contents of the clipboardENTER - Activate a selected linkHOME - Move to the beginning of a documentEND - Move to the end of a documentF1 - Display Internet Explorer Help
Quote:compmgmt.msc - Computer managementdevmgmt.msc - Device managerdiskmgmt.msc - Disk managementdfrg.msc - Disk defrageventvwr.msc - Event viewerfsmgmt.msc - Shared foldersgpedit.msc - Group policieslusrmgr.msc - Local users and groupsperfmon.msc - Performance monitorrsop.msc - Resultant set of policiessecpol.msc - Local security settingsservices.msc - Various Servicesmsconfig - System Configuration Utilityregedit - Registry Editormsinfo32 _ System Informationsysedit _ System Editwin.ini _ windows loading information(also system.ini)winver _ Shows current version of windowsmailto: _ Opens default email clientcommand _ Opens command prompt
Run Commands to access the control panel:
Quote:Add/Remove Programs control appwiz.cplDate/Time Properties control timedate.cplDisplay Properties control desk.cplFindFast control findfast.cplFonts Folder control fontsInternet Properties control inetcpl.cplKeyboard Properties control main.cpl keyboardMouse Properties control main.cplMultimedia Properties control mmsys.cplNetwork Properties control netcpl.cplPassword Properties control password.cplPrinters Folder control printersSound Properties control mmsys.cpl soundsSystem Properties control sysdm.cpl
Command Prompt:
Quote:ANSI.SYS Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys.APPEND Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or running a command.ARP Displays, adds, and removes arp information from network devices.ASSIGN Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter.ASSOC View the file associations.AT Schedule a time to execute commands or programs.ATMADM Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager.ATTRIB Display and change file attributes.BATCH Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file.BOOTCFG Recovery console command that allows a user to view, modify, and rebuild the boot.iniBREAK Enable / disable CTRL + C feature.CACLS View and modify file ACL's.CALL Calls a batch file from another batch file.CD Changes directories.CHCP Supplement the International keyboard and character set information.CHDIR Changes directories.CHKDSK Check the hard disk drive running FAT for errors.CHKNTFS Check the hard disk drive running NTFS for errors.CHOICE Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file.CLS Clears the screen.CMD Opens the command interpreter.COLOR Easily change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window.COMP Compares files.COMPACT Compresses and uncompress files.CONTROL Open control panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt.CONVERT Convert FAT to NTFS.COPY Copy one or more files to an alternate location.CTTY Change the computers input/output devices.DATE View or change the systems date.DEBUG Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings.DEFRAG Re-arrange the hard disk drive to help with loading programs.DEL Deletes one or more files.DELETE Recovery console command that deletes a file.DELTREE Deletes one or more files and/or directories.DIR List the contents of one or more directory.DISABLE Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or drivers.DISKCOMP Compare a disk with another disk.DISKCOPY Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk.DOSKEY Command to view and execute commands that have been run in the past.DOSSHELL A GUI to help with early MS-DOS users.DRIVPARM Enables overwrite of original device drivers.ECHO Displays messages and enables and disables echo.EDIT View and edit files.EDLIN View and edit files.EMM386 Load extended Memory Manager.ENABLE Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver.ENDLOCAL Stops the localization of the environment changes enabled by the setlocal command.ERASE Erase files from computer.EXIT Exit from the command interpreter.EXPAND Expand a M*cros*ft Windows file back to it's original format.EXTRACT Extract files from the M*cros*ft Windows cabinets.FASTHELP Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them.FC Compare files.FDISK Utility used to create partitions on the hard disk drive.FIND Search for text within a file.FINDSTR Searches for a string of text within a file.FIXBOOT Writes a new boot sector.FIXMBR Writes a new boot record to a disk drive.FOR Boolean used in batch files.FORMAT Command to erase and prepare a disk drive.FTP Command to connect and operate on a FTP server.FTYPE Displays or modifies file types used in file extension associations.GOTO Moves a batch file to a specific label or location.GRAFTABL Show extended characters in graphics mode.HELP Display a listing of commands and brief explanation.IF Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing.IFSHLP.SYS 32-bit file manager.IPCONFIG Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values.KEYB Change layout of keyboard.LABEL Change the label of a disk drive.LH Load a device driver in to high memory.LISTSVC Recovery console command that displays the services and drivers.LOADFIX Load a program above the first 64k.LOADHIGH Load a device driver in to high memory.LOCK Lock the hard disk drive.LOGON Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator login.MAP Displays the device name of a drive.MD Command to create a new directory.MEM Display memory on system.MKDIR Command to create a new directory.MODE Modify the port or display settings.MORE Display one page at a time.MOVE Move one or more files from one directory to another directory.MSAV Early M*cros*ft Virus scanner.MSD Diagnostics utility.MSCDEX Utility used to load and provide access to the CD-ROM.NBTSTAT Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections using NBTNET Update, fix, or view the network or network settingsNETSH Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS.NETSTAT Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information.NLSFUNC Load country specific information.NSLOOKUP Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network.PATH View and modify the computers path location.PATHPING View and locate locations of network latency.PAUSE Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command.PING Test / send information to another network computer or network device.POPD Changes to the directory or network path stored by the pushd command.POWER Conserve power with computer portables.PRINT Prints data to a printer port.PROMPT View and change the MS-DOS prompt.PUSHD Stores a directory or network path in memory so it can be returned to at any time.QBASIC Open the QBasic.RD Removes an empty directory.REN Renames a file or directory.RENAME Renames a file or directory.RMDIR Removes an empty directory.ROUTE View and configure windows network route tables.RUNAS Enables a user to execute a program on another computer.SCANDISK Run the scandisk utility.SCANREG Scan registry and recover registry from errors.SET Change one variable or string to another.SETLOCAL Enables local environments to be changed without affecting anything else.SETVER Change MS-DOS version to trick older MS-DOS programs.SHARE Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities.SHIFT Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program.SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt.SMARTDRV Create a disk cache in conventional memory or extended memory.SORT Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen.START Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt.SUBST Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter.SWITCHES Remove add functions from MS-DOS.SYS Transfer system files to disk drive.TELNET Telnet to another computer / device from the prompt.TIME View or modify the system time.TITLE Change the title of their MS-DOS window.TRACERT Visually view a network packets route across a network.TREE View a visual tree of the hard disk drive.TYPE Display the contents of a file.UNDELETE Undelete a file that has been deleted.UNFORMAT Unformat a hard disk drive.UNLOCK Unlock a disk drive.VER Display the version information.VERIFY Enables or disables the feature to determine if files have been written properly.VOL Displays the volume information about the designated drive.XCOPY Copy multiple files, directories, and/or drives from one location to another.TRUENAME When placed before a file, will display the whole directory in which it existsTASKKILL It allows you to kill those unneeded or locked up applications
Windows XP Shortcuts:
Quote:ALT+- (ALT+hyphen) Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's System menuALT+ENTER View properties for the selected itemALT+ESC Cycle through items in the order they were openedALT+F4 Close the active item, or quit the active programALT+SPACEBAR Display the System menu for the active windowALT+TAB Switch between open itemsALT+Underlined letter Display the corresponding menuBACKSPACE View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows ExplorerCTRL+A Select allCTRL+B BoldCTRL+C CopyCTRL+I ItalicsCTRL+O Open an itemCTRL+U UnderlineCTRL+V PasteCTRL+X CutCTRL+Z UndoCTRL+F4 Close the active documentCTRL while dragging Copy selected itemCTRL+SHIFT while dragging Create shortcut to selected iteMCTRL+RIGHT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next wordCTRL+LEFT ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous wordCTRL+DOWN ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraphCTRL+UP ARROW Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraphSHIFT+DELETE Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle BinESC Cancel the current taskF1 Displays HelpF2 Rename selected itemF3 Search for a file or folderF4 Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows ExplorerF5 Refresh the active windowF6 Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktopF10 Activate the menu bar in the active programSHIFT+F10 Display the shortcut menu for the selected itemCTRL+ESC Display the Start menuSHIFT+CTRL+ESC Launches Task ManagerSHIFT when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playingWIN Display or hide the Start menuWIN+BREAK Display the System Properties dialog boxWIN+D Minimizes all Windows and shows the DesktopWIN+E Open Windows ExplorerWIN+F Search for a file or folderWIN+F+CTRL Search for computersWIN+L Locks the desktopWIN+M Minimize or restore all windowsWIN+R Open the Run dialog boxWIN+TAB Switch between open items
Windows Explorer Shortcuts:
Quote:ALT+SPACEBAR - Display the current window’s system menuSHIFT+F10 - Display the item's context menuCTRL+ESC - Display the Start menuALT+TAB - Switch to the window you last usedALT+F4 - Close the current window or quitCTRL+A - Select all itemsCTRL+X - Cut selected item(s)CTRL+C - Copy selected item(s)CTRL+V - Paste item(s)CTRL+Z - Undo last actionCTRL+(+) - Automatically resize the columns in the right hand paneTAB - Move forward through optionsALT+RIGHT ARROW - Move forward to a previous viewALT+LEFT ARROW - Move backward to a previous viewSHIFT+DELETE - Delete an item immediatelyBACKSPACE - View the folder one level upALT+ENTER - View an item’s propertiesF10 - Activate the menu bar in programsF6 - Switch between left and right panesF5 - Refresh window contentsF3 - Display Find applicationF2 - Rename selected item
Internet Explorer Shortcuts:
Quote:CTRL+A - Select all items on the current pageCTRL+D - Add the current page to your FavoritesCTRL+E - Open the Search barCTRL+F - Find on this pageCTRL+H - Open the History barCTRL+I - Open the Favorites barCTRL+N - Open a new windowCTRL+O - Go to a new locationCTRL+P - Print the current page or active frameCTRL+S - Save the current pageCTRL+W - Close current browser windowCTRL+ENTER - Adds the http://www. (url) .comSHIFT+CLICK - Open link in new windowBACKSPACE - Go to the previous pageALT+HOME - Go to your Home pageHOME - Move to the beginning of a documentTAB - Move forward through items on a pageEND - Move to the end of a documentESC - Stop downloading a pageF11 - Toggle full-screen viewF5 - Refresh the current pageF4 - Display list of typed addressesF6 - Change Address bar and page focusALT+RIGHT ARROW - Go to the next pageSHIFT+CTRL+TAB - Move back between framesSHIFT+F10 - Display a shortcut menu for a linkSHIFT+TAB - Move back through the items on a pageCTRL+TAB - Move forward between framesCTRL+C - Copy selected items to the clipboardCTRL+V - Insert contents of the clipboardENTER - Activate a selected linkHOME - Move to the beginning of a documentEND - Move to the end of a documentF1 - Display Internet Explorer Help
Your Own Home Server - Introduction
Your Own Home Server - Introduction
An Introduction
In this tutorial you will learn how to step up your own server. This server will be comprised of Apache 1.3.5, PHP 4.2.0, and MySQL 3.23.49. This tutorial will address the basic setup of a server on your own computer. This means the removal of hassles of dealing with the company that is running a remote web server. It will be easy to modify. You can add any thing you want to it, be it CGI/Perl, Zope, Roxen, etc, all by your self. You will have unlimited disk space, well at least as big as your hard drive is =) Now that you know the advantages, it is time that I tell you what i used, and what you will need.
What I used* Windows 2000 - NOTE that if you are using 2k you WILL NEED Administrative Privileges. If you don't then get them somehow =) If you are on 95, 98, NT, XP, ME, I* Apache 1.3.6 - I tried to use 2.0 but I could not get it work. I also feel that 1.3.6 is tried and true, so why mess with greatness.* Mysql 3.23.49 - The newest version of MySQL when I set up my server. MySQL also the is the best PHP supported Database, and well love PHP don't we.* PHP 4.2.1 - The latest and greatest PHP release. -nt
What you will need* Apache 2 - Link: h**p://www.apache.org/dist/* Mysql 3.23.49 - Link: h**p://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql-3.23.html* PHP 4.2.0 - Link: h**p://www.php.net/downloads.php* Windows - This tutorial is ONLY written for new versions of Windows.
Once you have downloaded all the programs you are ready to continue.
1. Installing Apache
Installing Apache
The first step is to download Apache for Windows. Before you install it make sure that any other server software is removed. Remove it all via the control panel.On
Once you have clicked on the executable, a screen should com up that looks like this. Go ahead and click on next
user posted image
Of course you plan to abide be the license agreement, so click on I accept.... and click on next.
user posted image
You really don't need to read this, but if you want you can. Read it if you want feel informed. When you are ready click on next.
user posted image
Here is where the actual setup of Apache begins. For Network Domain put in localhost as for Server Name You want these both to be localhost because the server is running locally, on your computer. It doesn't matter what is in email field, just put in yours. No one will no it because it's just you.
user posted image
For the sake of this tutorial it is better to just leave it as it is because, later in the tutorial I will show you how to start the server with one click of the mouse, and for the sake of ease, it will be easier for you to follow along. You can change it if you want, but you will have to realize where to substitute it. For me the root drive is E: but for you will probably be C:
user posted image
Once you have all the jazz set up, it is time to install the server. If you are on w2k or XP be sure that you have Administrative permissions or you will get an error about half way through the install saving cannot access msvrt32.dll or something. If you get that error run it again when you have admin privileges. Once you are ready click on install.
user posted image
If all went well you just see a screen similar to this. Now it is time to test the install of apache. Click on Start > Program Files > Apache HTTP Server and look for start Start Apache in Console. Click it. Once it says Apache XXXXX running, press Windows Key + R and type -http://localhost/. If the install works you should see a page saying that it works. If all is set and done, continue to the next step.
user posted image______________________________________________________________________2. Installing PHPOnce you have clicked on the executable, a screen should come up that looks like this. Go ahead and click on next.
user posted image
Of course you plan to abide be the license agreement, so click on I accept.... and click on next.
user posted image
For this information, we will want the simple standard install. Chances are you if you are reading this tutorial, you will probably not even want to talk about advanced =)
user posted image
This is the mail setup, just enter localhost, and me@localhost.com. These are not important, because you, the admin, are the only person that will use the server, and you will be the one handling errors.
user posted image
We are going to want this install to work is Apache, so click on Apache, and move on.
user posted image
Once you have all the jazz set up, it is time to install the server. If you are on w2k or XP be sure that you have Administrative permission or you will get an error about half way through the install saving cannot access msvrt32.dll or something. If you get that error run it again when you have admin privileges. Once you are ready click on install.
user posted image
After the install is done you should get something that says you will have to manually configure apache to use php. Assuming you have a working Apache server installed, make sure that it is not running. Navigate to C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\ open the httpd.conf file. Note that you can also get to the http.conf from the start menu. Start > Program File > Apache HTTP Server > Configure Apache Server > Edit the Apache httpd.conf Configuration File and the window will open up in notepad. Now hit Ctrl + End if you see something like what follows, you can skip this step. If you do not see that code, copy it. This code will only work if you used the default install folder when you installed php. If you did, copy that code and paste it into the end of the file. Select the code to right, and hit crtl + c , then go into the httpd.conf file and hit ctrl + v and save the file.
ScriptAlias /php/ "c:/php/"
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml
Action application/x-httpd-php "/php/php.exe"
Now that we have php installed, it is time to test it. Open up notepad and type the code to the right. Save it as phpinfo.php. Remember to set it as all files in the drop down menu, or the file will be a text file. Save in the Directory: C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\htdocs. htdocs is the directory where all the files go. You can create endless dir's and browse them. For Example E:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\htdocs\mydir\myfile.php could be accessed as http://localhost/mydir/myfile.php. Once you have that file saved. You will need to start the Server. Click: Start > Program File > Apache HTTP Server >; and look for something like Start Apache in Console. After you have found it, launch it. You should get a window saying that Apache is running. Now go to Start > Run > and type in -http://localhost/phpinfo.php. If you don't see anything, php is not installed correctly. If php is installed correctly, you will see a few large tables, displaying php's configuration. Now Your are 1/2 done!______________________________________________________________________3. Installing MySQLOnce you have clicked on the executable, a screen should com up that looks like this. Go ahead and click on next.
user posted image
Of course you plan to abide be the license agreement, so click on I accept.... and click on next.
Just like before you should leave the default dir alone, so you will be able to follow along with me when I show you how to start and stop all the aspects of the server.
Stay with the typical installation. Just like before, if you don't have admin privileges, the install will be faulty. After you click next, the install will begin. After the install has finished, move on to the next step.
Now you have to set up the root account. The root account is the absolute admin of the system, the highest possible. Click on Start > Run and type cmd to open up the command prompt. You are going to have to navigate to where MySQL is installed. Type C: > Enter > cd mysql > Enter > cd bin > Enter. Now you have to tell setup the root settings. Type mysqladmin -uroot password InsertYourPasswordHere then hit enter.
To see an image of the screen, -h**p://www.webmasterstop.com/tutorials/images/doscreen1.gif
What is the point of having a database if you can't easily administer it! That is where phpMyAdmin comes into play. phpMyAdmin is a free piece of software written in php that makes the administration of a mysql or many other types of databases easy. You will want to download (h**p://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-2.2.6-php.zip?downloadrelease_id=85832)the latest version. Save it in the htdocs folder. Once it is done downloading it, right click on it and select Extract > To Here. When it is done you should end up with a directory in the htdocs folder called phpMyAdmin-2.2.6 To make it easier to access, rename it to phpMyAdmin. After you have renamed it, click on it and look for a file called config.inc Open it. This is where you set the configuration of phpMyAdmin. When you open it up, it should look similar to the image to your side. On yours there should be a few things missing. The $cfgPmaAbsoulteUrl and $cfgservers[$i]['password']. You will need to fill those in between the quotes. for the $cfgPmaAbsoulteUrl enter -http://localhost/phpMyAdmin/ if you followed my instructions to the letter. If you did not rename it or extracted to a different directory, put that in there. For the $cfgservers[$i]['password'] enter the password you entered when you were setting MySQL in the set above. You can refer to the image for help. After you have put the right things in save the file.
To see an image of the screen, -h**p://www.webmasterstop.com/tutorials/images/phpmyadminscreen1.gif
Now we want to test the install of mysql, php, phpmyadmin, and apache all at once. Start apache in console like we did before. Now, you are going to need to start mysql. For myself I made a file that would start mysql for me. Open notepad and type: start c:\mysql\bin\mysqld-nt.exe --standalone and save that as Start MySQL.bat. Once you have saved it, click it. A window should open and then close. Mysql is now running on your computer. After mysql and apache are started go to run again and type -http://localhost/phpMyAdmin/index.php and if everything is installed correctly phpmyadmin should so up. You are almost done! Now we have the easy part =)
4. Finishing it all up
Wow! We mad it through the whole process. Now we want to simplify the whole process of controlling the server. I made a toolbar with all the things I needed. I made a new folder on my desktop and called it Server Folder and put all the stuff there. I made a new shortcut and gave it a value of -http://localhost/ made a shortcut to the PHP Documentation page. Another shortcut to my php editor, which is now unavailable. The phpMyAdmin shortcut is set to -http://localhost/phpMyAdmin/index.php. I made another shortcut htdocs. I moved the Start Apache in Console program that was in the start menu folder and moved it to the server folder. You can take the Start Mysql file you made in the last page and move it to the new folder. After you have put all the desired things into that folder, right click on a blank space in stat menu task bar (where the program boxes lie) and select Toolbars > New Toolbar and navigate to the folder. Voila!
Now all you have to do is click Start Apache in Console , Start Mysql, and Lauch browser biggrin.gif
Here You Are Guys
An Introduction
In this tutorial you will learn how to step up your own server. This server will be comprised of Apache 1.3.5, PHP 4.2.0, and MySQL 3.23.49. This tutorial will address the basic setup of a server on your own computer. This means the removal of hassles of dealing with the company that is running a remote web server. It will be easy to modify. You can add any thing you want to it, be it CGI/Perl, Zope, Roxen, etc, all by your self. You will have unlimited disk space, well at least as big as your hard drive is =) Now that you know the advantages, it is time that I tell you what i used, and what you will need.
What I used* Windows 2000 - NOTE that if you are using 2k you WILL NEED Administrative Privileges. If you don't then get them somehow =) If you are on 95, 98, NT, XP, ME, I* Apache 1.3.6 - I tried to use 2.0 but I could not get it work. I also feel that 1.3.6 is tried and true, so why mess with greatness.* Mysql 3.23.49 - The newest version of MySQL when I set up my server. MySQL also the is the best PHP supported Database, and well love PHP don't we.* PHP 4.2.1 - The latest and greatest PHP release. -nt
What you will need* Apache 2 - Link: h**p://www.apache.org/dist/* Mysql 3.23.49 - Link: h**p://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql-3.23.html* PHP 4.2.0 - Link: h**p://www.php.net/downloads.php* Windows - This tutorial is ONLY written for new versions of Windows.
Once you have downloaded all the programs you are ready to continue.
1. Installing Apache
Installing Apache
The first step is to download Apache for Windows. Before you install it make sure that any other server software is removed. Remove it all via the control panel.On
Once you have clicked on the executable, a screen should com up that looks like this. Go ahead and click on next
user posted image
Of course you plan to abide be the license agreement, so click on I accept.... and click on next.
user posted image
You really don't need to read this, but if you want you can. Read it if you want feel informed. When you are ready click on next.
user posted image
Here is where the actual setup of Apache begins. For Network Domain put in localhost as for Server Name You want these both to be localhost because the server is running locally, on your computer. It doesn't matter what is in email field, just put in yours. No one will no it because it's just you.
user posted image
For the sake of this tutorial it is better to just leave it as it is because, later in the tutorial I will show you how to start the server with one click of the mouse, and for the sake of ease, it will be easier for you to follow along. You can change it if you want, but you will have to realize where to substitute it. For me the root drive is E: but for you will probably be C:
user posted image
Once you have all the jazz set up, it is time to install the server. If you are on w2k or XP be sure that you have Administrative permissions or you will get an error about half way through the install saving cannot access msvrt32.dll or something. If you get that error run it again when you have admin privileges. Once you are ready click on install.
user posted image
If all went well you just see a screen similar to this. Now it is time to test the install of apache. Click on Start > Program Files > Apache HTTP Server and look for start Start Apache in Console. Click it. Once it says Apache XXXXX running, press Windows Key + R and type -http://localhost/. If the install works you should see a page saying that it works. If all is set and done, continue to the next step.
user posted image______________________________________________________________________2. Installing PHPOnce you have clicked on the executable, a screen should come up that looks like this. Go ahead and click on next.
user posted image
Of course you plan to abide be the license agreement, so click on I accept.... and click on next.
user posted image
For this information, we will want the simple standard install. Chances are you if you are reading this tutorial, you will probably not even want to talk about advanced =)
user posted image
This is the mail setup, just enter localhost, and me@localhost.com. These are not important, because you, the admin, are the only person that will use the server, and you will be the one handling errors.
user posted image
We are going to want this install to work is Apache, so click on Apache, and move on.
user posted image
Once you have all the jazz set up, it is time to install the server. If you are on w2k or XP be sure that you have Administrative permission or you will get an error about half way through the install saving cannot access msvrt32.dll or something. If you get that error run it again when you have admin privileges. Once you are ready click on install.
user posted image
After the install is done you should get something that says you will have to manually configure apache to use php. Assuming you have a working Apache server installed, make sure that it is not running. Navigate to C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\conf\ open the httpd.conf file. Note that you can also get to the http.conf from the start menu. Start > Program File > Apache HTTP Server > Configure Apache Server > Edit the Apache httpd.conf Configuration File and the window will open up in notepad. Now hit Ctrl + End if you see something like what follows, you can skip this step. If you do not see that code, copy it. This code will only work if you used the default install folder when you installed php. If you did, copy that code and paste it into the end of the file. Select the code to right, and hit crtl + c , then go into the httpd.conf file and hit ctrl + v and save the file.
ScriptAlias /php/ "c:/php/"
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php .phtml
Action application/x-httpd-php "/php/php.exe"
Now that we have php installed, it is time to test it. Open up notepad and type the code to the right. Save it as phpinfo.php. Remember to set it as all files in the drop down menu, or the file will be a text file. Save in the Directory: C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\htdocs. htdocs is the directory where all the files go. You can create endless dir's and browse them. For Example E:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache\htdocs\mydir\myfile.php could be accessed as http://localhost/mydir/myfile.php. Once you have that file saved. You will need to start the Server. Click: Start > Program File > Apache HTTP Server >; and look for something like Start Apache in Console. After you have found it, launch it. You should get a window saying that Apache is running. Now go to Start > Run > and type in -http://localhost/phpinfo.php. If you don't see anything, php is not installed correctly. If php is installed correctly, you will see a few large tables, displaying php's configuration. Now Your are 1/2 done!______________________________________________________________________3. Installing MySQLOnce you have clicked on the executable, a screen should com up that looks like this. Go ahead and click on next.
user posted image
Of course you plan to abide be the license agreement, so click on I accept.... and click on next.
Just like before you should leave the default dir alone, so you will be able to follow along with me when I show you how to start and stop all the aspects of the server.
Stay with the typical installation. Just like before, if you don't have admin privileges, the install will be faulty. After you click next, the install will begin. After the install has finished, move on to the next step.
Now you have to set up the root account. The root account is the absolute admin of the system, the highest possible. Click on Start > Run and type cmd to open up the command prompt. You are going to have to navigate to where MySQL is installed. Type C: > Enter > cd mysql > Enter > cd bin > Enter. Now you have to tell setup the root settings. Type mysqladmin -uroot password InsertYourPasswordHere then hit enter.
To see an image of the screen, -h**p://www.webmasterstop.com/tutorials/images/doscreen1.gif
What is the point of having a database if you can't easily administer it! That is where phpMyAdmin comes into play. phpMyAdmin is a free piece of software written in php that makes the administration of a mysql or many other types of databases easy. You will want to download (h**p://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/phpmyadmin/phpMyAdmin-2.2.6-php.zip?downloadrelease_id=85832)the latest version. Save it in the htdocs folder. Once it is done downloading it, right click on it and select Extract > To Here. When it is done you should end up with a directory in the htdocs folder called phpMyAdmin-2.2.6 To make it easier to access, rename it to phpMyAdmin. After you have renamed it, click on it and look for a file called config.inc Open it. This is where you set the configuration of phpMyAdmin. When you open it up, it should look similar to the image to your side. On yours there should be a few things missing. The $cfgPmaAbsoulteUrl and $cfgservers[$i]['password']. You will need to fill those in between the quotes. for the $cfgPmaAbsoulteUrl enter -http://localhost/phpMyAdmin/ if you followed my instructions to the letter. If you did not rename it or extracted to a different directory, put that in there. For the $cfgservers[$i]['password'] enter the password you entered when you were setting MySQL in the set above. You can refer to the image for help. After you have put the right things in save the file.
To see an image of the screen, -h**p://www.webmasterstop.com/tutorials/images/phpmyadminscreen1.gif
Now we want to test the install of mysql, php, phpmyadmin, and apache all at once. Start apache in console like we did before. Now, you are going to need to start mysql. For myself I made a file that would start mysql for me. Open notepad and type: start c:\mysql\bin\mysqld-nt.exe --standalone and save that as Start MySQL.bat. Once you have saved it, click it. A window should open and then close. Mysql is now running on your computer. After mysql and apache are started go to run again and type -http://localhost/phpMyAdmin/index.php and if everything is installed correctly phpmyadmin should so up. You are almost done! Now we have the easy part =)
4. Finishing it all up
Wow! We mad it through the whole process. Now we want to simplify the whole process of controlling the server. I made a toolbar with all the things I needed. I made a new folder on my desktop and called it Server Folder and put all the stuff there. I made a new shortcut and gave it a value of -http://localhost/ made a shortcut to the PHP Documentation page. Another shortcut to my php editor, which is now unavailable. The phpMyAdmin shortcut is set to -http://localhost/phpMyAdmin/index.php. I made another shortcut htdocs. I moved the Start Apache in Console program that was in the start menu folder and moved it to the server folder. You can take the Start Mysql file you made in the last page and move it to the new folder. After you have put all the desired things into that folder, right click on a blank space in stat menu task bar (where the program boxes lie) and select Toolbars > New Toolbar and navigate to the folder. Voila!
Now all you have to do is click Start Apache in Console , Start Mysql, and Lauch browser biggrin.gif
Here You Are Guys
Create One-Click Shutdown and Reboot Shortcuts:
Create One-Click Shutdown and Reboot Shortcuts:
First, create a shortcut on your desktop by right-clicking on the desktop, choosing New, and then choosing Shortcut. The Create Shortcut Wizard appears. In the box asking for the location of the shortcut, type shutdown. After you create the shortcut, double-clicking on it will shut down your PC.
But you can do much more with a shutdown shortcut than merely shut down your PC. You can add any combination of several switches to do extra duty, like this:
shutdown -r -t 01 -c "Rebooting your PC"Double-clicking on that shortcut will reboot your PC after a one-second delay and display the message "Rebooting your PC." The shutdown command includes a variety of switches you can use to customize it. Table 1-3 lists all of them and describes their use.
I use this technique to create two shutdown shortcuts on my desktop—one for turning off my PC, and one for rebooting. Here are the ones I use:
shutdown -s -t 03 -c "Bye Bye m8!"shutdown -r -t 03 -c "Ill be back m8 ;)!"
SwitchWhat it does
-sShuts down the PC.
-lLogs off the current user.
-t nnIndicates the duration of delay, in seconds, before performing the action.
-c "messagetext"Displays a message in the System Shutdown window. A maximum of 127 characters can be used. The message must be enclosed in quotation marks.
-fForces any running applications to shut down.
-rReboots the PC.
First, create a shortcut on your desktop by right-clicking on the desktop, choosing New, and then choosing Shortcut. The Create Shortcut Wizard appears. In the box asking for the location of the shortcut, type shutdown. After you create the shortcut, double-clicking on it will shut down your PC.
But you can do much more with a shutdown shortcut than merely shut down your PC. You can add any combination of several switches to do extra duty, like this:
shutdown -r -t 01 -c "Rebooting your PC"Double-clicking on that shortcut will reboot your PC after a one-second delay and display the message "Rebooting your PC." The shutdown command includes a variety of switches you can use to customize it. Table 1-3 lists all of them and describes their use.
I use this technique to create two shutdown shortcuts on my desktop—one for turning off my PC, and one for rebooting. Here are the ones I use:
shutdown -s -t 03 -c "Bye Bye m8!"shutdown -r -t 03 -c "Ill be back m8 ;)!"
SwitchWhat it does
-sShuts down the PC.
-lLogs off the current user.
-t nnIndicates the duration of delay, in seconds, before performing the action.
-c "messagetext"Displays a message in the System Shutdown window. A maximum of 127 characters can be used. The message must be enclosed in quotation marks.
-fForces any running applications to shut down.
-rReboots the PC.
BIOS Update Procedure
BIOS Update Procedure
All latest Motherboards today, 486/ Pentium / Pentium Pro etc.,ensure that upgrades are easily obtained by incorporating the system BIOS in a FLASH Memory component. With FLASH BIOS, there is no need to replace an EPROM component. Once downloaded, the upgrade utility fits on a floppy disc allowing the user to save, verify and update the system BIOS. A hard drive or a network drive can also be used to run the newer upgrade utilities. However, memory managers can not be installed while upgrading.
Most pre-Pentium motherboards do not have a Flash BIOS. The following instructions therefore do not apply to these boards. If your motherboard does not have a Flash BIOS (EEPROM) you will need to use an EPROM programmer to re-program the BIOS chip. See your dealer for more information about this.
Please read the following instructions in full before starting a Flash BIOS upgrade:A. Create a Bootable Floppy (in DOS)
•With a non-formatted disk, type the following:
format a:/s
•If using a formatted disk, type:
sys a:
This procedure will ensure a clean boot when you are flashing the new BIOS.
B. Download the BIOS file
•Download the correct BIOS file by clicking on the file name of the BIOS file you wish to download.
•Save the BIOS file and the Flash Utility file in the boot disk you have created. Unzip the BIOS file and the flash utility file. If you don't have an "unzip" utility, download the WinZip for Windows 95 shareware/ evaluation copy for that one time use from _www.winzip.com or _www.pkware.com. Most CD ROMs found in computer magazines, have a shareware version of WinZip on them.
•You should have extracted two files:
Flash BIOS utility eg: flash7265.exe (for example)
BIOS eg: 6152J900.bin (example)
Use the latest flash utility available unless otherwise specified (either on the BIOS update page or in the archive file). This information is usually provided.
C. Upgrade the System BIOS
During boot up, write down the old BIOS version because you will need to use it for the BIOS backup file name.
Place the bootable floppy disk containing the BIOS file and the Flash Utility in drive a, and reboot the system in MS-DOS, preferably Version 6.22
•At the A:> prompt, type the corresponding Flash BIOS utility and the BIOS file with its extension.
For example:
flash625 615j900.bin
•From the Flash Memory Writer menu, select "Y" to "Do you want to save BIOS?" if you want to save (back up) your current BIOS (strongly recommended), then type the name of your current BIOS and its extension after FILE NAME TO SAVE: eg: a:\613J900.bin
Alternatively select "N" if you don't want to save your current BIOS. Beware, though, that you won't be able to recover from a possible failure.
•Select "Y" to "Are you sure to program?"
•Wait until it displays "Message: Power Off or Reset the system"
Once the BIOS has been successfully loaded, remove the floppy disk and reboot the system. If you write to BIOS but cannot complete the procedure, do not switch off, because the computer will not be able to boo, and you will not be given another chance to flash. In this case leave your system on until you resolve the problem (flashing BIOS with old file is a possible solution, provided you've made a backup before)
Make sure the new BIOS version has been loaded properly by taking note of the BIOS identifier as the system is rebooting.
For AMI BIOSOnce the BIOS has been successfully loaded, remove the floppy disk and reboot the system holding the "END" key prior to power on until you enter CMOS setup. If you do not do this the first time booting up after upgrading the BIOS, the system will hang.
BIOS Update Tipsnote:1.Make sure never to turn off or reset your computer during the flash process. This will corrupt the BIOS data. We also recommend that you make a copy of your current BIOS on the bootable floppy so you can reflash it if you need to. (This option is not available when flashing an AMI BIOS).
2. If you have problems installing your new BIOS please check the following:
Have you done a clean boot?In other words, did you follow the above procedure for making a bootable floppy? This ensures that when booting from "A" there are no device drivers on the diskette. Failing to do a clean boot is the most common cause for getting a "Memory Insufficient" error message when attempting to flash a BIOS.
If you have not used a bootable floppy, insure a clean boot either by
a) pressing F5 during bootup
b) by removing all device drivers on the CONFIG.SYS including the HIMEM.SYS. Do this by using the EDIT command.
Have you booted up under DOS?Booting in Windows is another common cause for getting a "Memory Insufficient" error message when attempting to flash a BIOS. Make sure to boot up to DOS with a minimum set of drivers. Important: Booting in DOS does not mean selecting "Restart computer in MS-DOS Mode" from Windows98/95 shutdown menu or going to Prompt mode in WindowsNT, but rather following the above procedure (format a: /s and rebooting from a:\).
Have you entered the full file name of the flash utility and the BIOS plus its extension?Do not forget that often you will need to add a drive letter (a:\) before flashing the BIOS. Example: when asked for file name of new BIOS file which is on your floppy disk, in case you're working from c:\ your will need to type a:\615j900.bin, rather than 615j900.bin only.
All latest Motherboards today, 486/ Pentium / Pentium Pro etc.,ensure that upgrades are easily obtained by incorporating the system BIOS in a FLASH Memory component. With FLASH BIOS, there is no need to replace an EPROM component. Once downloaded, the upgrade utility fits on a floppy disc allowing the user to save, verify and update the system BIOS. A hard drive or a network drive can also be used to run the newer upgrade utilities. However, memory managers can not be installed while upgrading.
Most pre-Pentium motherboards do not have a Flash BIOS. The following instructions therefore do not apply to these boards. If your motherboard does not have a Flash BIOS (EEPROM) you will need to use an EPROM programmer to re-program the BIOS chip. See your dealer for more information about this.
Please read the following instructions in full before starting a Flash BIOS upgrade:A. Create a Bootable Floppy (in DOS)
•With a non-formatted disk, type the following:
format a:/s
•If using a formatted disk, type:
sys a:
This procedure will ensure a clean boot when you are flashing the new BIOS.
B. Download the BIOS file
•Download the correct BIOS file by clicking on the file name of the BIOS file you wish to download.
•Save the BIOS file and the Flash Utility file in the boot disk you have created. Unzip the BIOS file and the flash utility file. If you don't have an "unzip" utility, download the WinZip for Windows 95 shareware/ evaluation copy for that one time use from _www.winzip.com or _www.pkware.com. Most CD ROMs found in computer magazines, have a shareware version of WinZip on them.
•You should have extracted two files:
Flash BIOS utility eg: flash7265.exe (for example)
BIOS eg: 6152J900.bin (example)
Use the latest flash utility available unless otherwise specified (either on the BIOS update page or in the archive file). This information is usually provided.
C. Upgrade the System BIOS
During boot up, write down the old BIOS version because you will need to use it for the BIOS backup file name.
Place the bootable floppy disk containing the BIOS file and the Flash Utility in drive a, and reboot the system in MS-DOS, preferably Version 6.22
•At the A:> prompt, type the corresponding Flash BIOS utility and the BIOS file with its extension.
For example:
flash625 615j900.bin
•From the Flash Memory Writer menu, select "Y" to "Do you want to save BIOS?" if you want to save (back up) your current BIOS (strongly recommended), then type the name of your current BIOS and its extension after FILE NAME TO SAVE: eg: a:\613J900.bin
Alternatively select "N" if you don't want to save your current BIOS. Beware, though, that you won't be able to recover from a possible failure.
•Select "Y" to "Are you sure to program?"
•Wait until it displays "Message: Power Off or Reset the system"
Once the BIOS has been successfully loaded, remove the floppy disk and reboot the system. If you write to BIOS but cannot complete the procedure, do not switch off, because the computer will not be able to boo, and you will not be given another chance to flash. In this case leave your system on until you resolve the problem (flashing BIOS with old file is a possible solution, provided you've made a backup before)
Make sure the new BIOS version has been loaded properly by taking note of the BIOS identifier as the system is rebooting.
For AMI BIOSOnce the BIOS has been successfully loaded, remove the floppy disk and reboot the system holding the "END" key prior to power on until you enter CMOS setup. If you do not do this the first time booting up after upgrading the BIOS, the system will hang.
BIOS Update Tipsnote:1.Make sure never to turn off or reset your computer during the flash process. This will corrupt the BIOS data. We also recommend that you make a copy of your current BIOS on the bootable floppy so you can reflash it if you need to. (This option is not available when flashing an AMI BIOS).
2. If you have problems installing your new BIOS please check the following:
Have you done a clean boot?In other words, did you follow the above procedure for making a bootable floppy? This ensures that when booting from "A" there are no device drivers on the diskette. Failing to do a clean boot is the most common cause for getting a "Memory Insufficient" error message when attempting to flash a BIOS.
If you have not used a bootable floppy, insure a clean boot either by
a) pressing F5 during bootup
b) by removing all device drivers on the CONFIG.SYS including the HIMEM.SYS. Do this by using the EDIT command.
Have you booted up under DOS?Booting in Windows is another common cause for getting a "Memory Insufficient" error message when attempting to flash a BIOS. Make sure to boot up to DOS with a minimum set of drivers. Important: Booting in DOS does not mean selecting "Restart computer in MS-DOS Mode" from Windows98/95 shutdown menu or going to Prompt mode in WindowsNT, but rather following the above procedure (format a: /s and rebooting from a:\).
Have you entered the full file name of the flash utility and the BIOS plus its extension?Do not forget that often you will need to add a drive letter (a:\) before flashing the BIOS. Example: when asked for file name of new BIOS file which is on your floppy disk, in case you're working from c:\ your will need to type a:\615j900.bin, rather than 615j900.bin only.
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